.. _sanadi-pratyayah: सनादि प्रत्ययाः ================ This note explains the **सनादि प्रत्ययाः** with special attention to ``सन्`` and its reduplication process. The aim is not merely to say "सन् means desire", but to see how Pāṇini builds a new verbal base by adding a sanādi affix, how reduplication works, and why forms such as ``जिगमिषति``, ``चिकीर्षति``, ``बुभूषति`` and ``युयुत्सवः`` look the way they do. Central idea ------------ There is only **one pratyaya literally called** ``सन्``. But there is a larger group called the **सनादि-pratyayas**, beginning with ``सन्``. Traditionally, this group has **twelve** members. The crucial sūtra is: .. code-block:: text 3.1.32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः Meaning: formations ending in ``सन्`` and the other sanādi affixes receive ``धातुसंज्ञा``. They are treated as dhātus and can therefore take verbal endings. So the mechanism is: .. code-block:: text मूलधातु + सनादि-प्रत्यय → derived verbal base → लट्/लङ्/etc. For example: .. code-block:: text गम् + सन् → जिगमिष् → जिगमिषति भू + सन् → बुभूष् → बुभूषति पच् + णिच् → पाचय् → पाचयति The twelve सनादि-pratyayas -------------------------- The traditional list is: .. code-block:: text सन्, क्यच्, काम्यच्, क्यङ्, क्यष्, आचार-क्विप्, णिच्, यङ्, यक्, आय, ईयङ्, णिङ् A practical grouping is: .. list-table:: Functional grouping of the सनादि-pratyayas :header-rows: 1 :widths: 25 30 45 * - Group - Pratyayas - General sense * - Desire-type - ``सन्``, ``क्यच्``, ``काम्यच्``, ``णिङ्`` - wanting, desiring, loving * - Causative - ``णिच्`` - causing or making someone do something * - Intensive / frequentative - ``यङ्`` - doing repeatedly or intensely * - Denominative and special derived verbs - ``क्यङ्``, ``क्यष्``, ``आचार-क्विप्``, ``यक्``, ``आय``, ``ईयङ्`` - behaving like, becoming, or forming special verbal bases from nouns or special roots सन्-pratyaya: the desiderative ------------------------------ The main semantic rule for ``सन्`` is: .. code-block:: text 3.1.7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा Meaning: when the action of a dhātu is desired by the same agent, ``सन्`` may be added. In simple English: .. code-block:: text गन्तुम् इच्छति → जिगमिषति he wants to go → he desires-to-go The resulting sananta base is again treated as a dhātu by: .. code-block:: text 3.1.32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः Thus: .. code-block:: text गम् + सन् → जिगमिष् जिगमिष् + लट् → जिगमिषति What remains of सन्? ------------------- ``सन्`` contains a final ``न्`` which is an इत् marker. Relevant rules: .. code-block:: text 1.3.3 हलन्त्यम् 1.3.9 तस्य लोपः So: .. code-block:: text सन् → स The visible suffix is therefore usually ``स्`` or, after sound change, ``ष्``. If ``इट्`` is inserted before it, we see: .. code-block:: text स → इ + स → इष That is why some forms contain ``-इष-``: .. code-block:: text गम् → जिगमिषति पठ् → पिपठिषति But not all san-forms take ``इट्``. For example: .. code-block:: text भू → बुभूषति युध् → युयुत्सते / युयुत्सु पा → पिपासति The reduplication process in सन् -------------------------------- Reduplication is triggered by: .. code-block:: text 6.1.9 सन्यङोः This causes the dhātu to form an ``अभ्यास`` before ``सन्``. The अभ्यास is then modified. The most important operations are: .. list-table:: Main operations on the अभ्यास :header-rows: 1 :widths: 22 28 50 * - Operation - Sūtra - Effect * - Reduplication - ``6.1.9 सन्यङोः`` - A copy-like element appears before the root. * - Trimming the copy - ``7.4.60 हलादिः शेषः`` - The अभ्यास is reduced; generally only the initial consonantal material remains. * - Shortening - ``7.4.59 ह्रस्वः`` - A long vowel in the अभ्यास becomes short. * - Palatal change in अभ्यास - ``7.4.62 कुहोश्चुः`` - Velars such as क्/ग् in the अभ्यास become palatals such as च्/ज्. * - अभ्यास-अ to इ - ``7.4.79 सन्यतः`` - The अ of the अभ्यास becomes इ before सन् in relevant cases. * - Hardening / deaspiration - ``8.4.54 अभ्यासे चर्च`` - Aspirates in the अभ्यास may become unaspirated, e.g. भु → बु. A very important distinction is: .. important:: अभ्यास-vowel and इडागम are different things. In ``जिगमिषति``: .. code-block:: text जि + गम् + इष the ``इ`` in ``जि`` belongs to the अभ्यास, while the ``इ`` before ``ष`` is ``इट्``. But in ``चिकीर्षति``: .. code-block:: text चि + कीर्ष the ``इ`` in ``चि`` is only the अभ्यास-vowel. It is not इडागम. इडागम in san-forms ------------------ The general इट् rule is: .. code-block:: text 7.2.35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः Since ``सन्`` is an ārdhadhātuka suffix and begins with a consonant, ``इट्`` may appear before it in suitable cases. Thus: .. code-block:: text धातु + सन् → धातु + इ + स इ + स → इष Examples: .. code-block:: text गम् + सन् → जिगमिषति पठ् + सन् → पिपठिषति But this is not universal. Some roots are an-iṭ in this environment: .. code-block:: text भू + सन् → बुभूषति युध् + सन् → युयुत्सते पा + सन् → पिपासति Derivations of common सन् examples ---------------------------------- गम् → जिगमिषति ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to go." .. code-block:: text गम् + सन् → गम् + स न्-लोप → गम् + गम् + स 6.1.9 सन्यङोः → ग + गम् + स अभ्यास-reduction → जि + गम् + स कुहोश्चुः, सन्यतः → जि + गम् + इ + स इडागम → जि + गम् + इष प्रत्यय-स् → ष् → जिगमिष् → जिगमिषति कृ → चिकीर्षति ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to do." .. code-block:: text कृ + सन् → कृ + स → कृ + कृ + स reduplication → कि + कृ + स अभ्यास-lightening → चि + कृ + स कुहोश्चुः → चि + कीर् + स कृ → कीर् before सन् → चि + कीर्ष → चिकीर्ष् → चिकीर्षति Here the ``इ`` in ``चि`` belongs to the अभ्यास. It is not इडागम. भू → बुभूषति ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to be" or "he wants to become." .. code-block:: text भू + सन् → भू + स → भू + भू + स reduplication → भु + भू + स अभ्यास-vowel shortened → बु + भू + स अभ्यासे चर्च → बु + भूष स् → ष् after ऊ → बुभूष् → बुभूषति There is no इडागम here. दृश् → दिदृक्षते ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to see." .. code-block:: text दृश् + सन् → दृश् + स → दृश् + दृश् + स reduplication → दि + दृश् + स अभ्यास-form → दि + दृक्ष दृश् + स् → दृक्ष → दिदृक्ष् → दिदृक्षते The आत्मनेपद ending is governed by: .. code-block:: text 1.3.57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः ज्ञा → जिज्ञासते ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to know." .. code-block:: text ज्ञा + सन् → ज्ञा + स → ज्ञा + ज्ञा + स reduplication → जि + ज्ञा + स अभ्यास-form → जिज्ञास् → जिज्ञासते Again, the आत्मनेपद ending follows from: .. code-block:: text 1.3.57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः श्रु → शुश्रूषते ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: literally "he wants to hear"; in usage, often "he serves" or "he waits upon", from the idea of attentive listening. .. code-block:: text श्रु + सन् → श्रु + स → श्रु + श्रु + स reduplication → शु + श्रु + स अभ्यास-form → शु + श्रू + स main vowel strengthened/lengthened → शु + श्रूष स् → ष् → शुश्रूष् → शुश्रूषते पा → पिपासति ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Meaning: "he wants to drink." .. code-block:: text पा + सन् → पा + स → पा + पा + स reduplication → प + पा + स अभ्यास-lightening → पि + पा + स सन्यतः → पिपास् → पिपासति There is no इडागम and no षत्व here: .. code-block:: text पिपासति, not *पिपायिषति or *पिपाषति A compact comparison of the examples ------------------------------------ .. list-table:: Comparison of common सन् examples :header-rows: 1 :widths: 12 22 20 28 18 * - Root - San-base - Abhyāsa - Main special feature - Final form * - ``गम्`` - ``जिगमिष्`` - ``जि`` - इडागम gives ``इष`` - ``जिगमिषति`` * - ``कृ`` - ``चिकीर्ष्`` - ``चि`` - ``कृ → कीर्``; ``स् → ष्`` - ``चिकीर्षति`` * - ``भू`` - ``बुभूष्`` - ``बु`` - no इडागम; ``स् → ष्`` - ``बुभूषति`` * - ``दृश्`` - ``दिदृक्ष्`` - ``दि`` - ``दृश् + स् → दृक्ष`` - ``दिदृक्षते`` * - ``ज्ञा`` - ``जिज्ञास्`` - ``जि`` - आत्मनेपद by 1.3.57 - ``जिज्ञासते`` * - ``श्रु`` - ``शुश्रूष्`` - ``शु`` - ``श्रु → श्रू``; ``स् → ष्`` - ``शुश्रूषते`` * - ``पा`` - ``पिपास्`` - ``पि`` - no इडागम; no षत्व - ``पिपासति`` BG 1.1: युयुत्सवः ----------------- The Bhagavad-Gītā begins: .. code-block:: text धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः । मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय ॥ The word is ``युयुत्सवः`` in the verse. The stem is ``युयुत्सु``. Meaning: .. code-block:: text युयुत्सवः = those desiring to fight The base dhātu is: .. code-block:: text √युध् = to fight Step-by-step derivation: .. code-block:: text युध् + सन् → युध् + स न्-लोप → युध् + युध् + स reduplication by 6.1.9 → यु + युध् + स अभ्यास-form → युयुध्स् → युयुत्स् ध् + स् → त्स् before खर् The sound change ``ध् + स् → त्स्`` is understood through the hardening before khar sounds, traditionally connected with: .. code-block:: text 8.4.55 खरि च Now the desiderative base is: .. code-block:: text युयुत्स् = desire to fight To form the adjective meaning "one who desires to fight", ``उ`` is added: .. code-block:: text 3.2.168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः Thus: .. code-block:: text युयुत्स् + उ → युयुत्सु Then nominative plural masculine: .. code-block:: text युयुत्सु + जस् → युयुत्सवः Compare: .. code-block:: text गुरु → गुरवः युयुत्सु → युयुत्सवः So the compact prakriyā is: .. code-block:: text युध् + सन् → युध् + स → यु + युध् + स → युयुत्स् → युयुत्सु → युयुत्सवः The important observation is: .. important:: ``युयुत्सवः`` has reduplication but no इडागम. Therefore it is ``युयुत्सु``, not ``*युयुधिषु``. The other eleven सनादि-pratyayas --------------------------------- The following table excludes ``सन्`` and presents the remaining eleven in approximate order of practical importance for reading and grammar study. This is a pedagogical order, not the original sūtra order. .. list-table:: The other eleven सनादि-pratyayas :header-rows: 1 :widths: 8 16 32 24 20 * - Rank - Pratyaya - English phrase where used - Sanskrit example - Meaning * - 1 - ``णिच्`` - to make/cause someone to do something - ``पच् → पाचयति`` - causes to cook * - 2 - ``क्यच्`` - to want an object for oneself - ``पुत्रम् इच्छति → पुत्रीयति`` - wants a son for himself * - 3 - ``णिङ्`` - to desire, love, want - ``कम् → कामयते`` - desires, loves * - 4 - ``यङ्`` - to do repeatedly or intensely - ``पच् → पापच्यते`` - keeps cooking / cooks intensely * - 5 - ``आय`` - special lexical -āya type verbs - ``गुप् → गोपायति`` - protects, guards * - 6 - ``क्यङ्`` - to behave like something - ``अश्व इव आचरति → अश्वायते`` - behaves like a horse * - 7 - ``काम्यच्`` - to desire an object, explicitly - ``पुत्रम् इच्छति → पुत्रकाम्यति`` - desires a son * - 8 - ``क्यष्`` - to become a state or quality - ``लोहितः भवति → लोहितायते`` - becomes red * - 9 - ``आचार-क्विप्`` - to behave like something, with zero visible suffix - ``अश्व इव आचरति → अश्वति`` - behaves like a horse * - 10 - ``यक्`` - special कण्ड्वादि-type verbs - ``कण्डू → कण्डूयति`` - itches / scratches * - 11 - ``ईयङ्`` - rare special verb formation - ``ऋत् → ऋतीयते`` - abhors / reproaches The most important four for ordinary reading are: .. code-block:: text णिच् = causative क्यच् = wanting an object for oneself णिङ् = desire/love, e.g. कामयते यङ् = intensive/frequentative चुरादि roots and णिच् -------------------- A related question is why tenth-class roots, the ``चुरादि`` group, form verbs such as: .. code-block:: text चुर् → चोरयति चिन्त् → चिन्तयति पूज् → पूजयति कथ् → कथयति The relevant Pāṇini sūtra is: .. code-block:: text 3.1.25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् For this discussion, the essential portion is: .. code-block:: text चुरादिभ्यः णिच् That is, after the चुरादि roots, ``णिच्`` is added. In these roots the ``णिच्`` formation is used not necessarily in a causative meaning, but as the normal present-stem formation of the tenth class. So: .. code-block:: text चुर् + णिच् → चोरयति पूज् + णिच् → पूजयति कथ् + णिच् → कथयति This should not be confused with the separate issue of ``सेट्`` and ``इडागम``. The tenth-class ``-ayati`` formation comes from ``णिच्``. But forms such as: .. code-block:: text पूजयितुम् कथयितुम् चोरयितुम् show ``इट्`` before an ārdhadhātuka suffix such as ``तुमुन्``. That is handled by the इडागम system, especially: .. code-block:: text 7.2.35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः Thus the clean distinction is: .. list-table:: चुरादि, णिच्, and सेट् :header-rows: 1 :widths: 35 65 * - Question - Answer * - Why do tenth-class roots form ``-ayati`` stems? - Because of ``3.1.25 ... चुरादिभ्यो णिच्``. * - Does that sūtra directly say "all tenth-class roots are सेट्"? - No. There is no simple sūtra of the form ``चुरादयः सेटः``. * - Where does the ``इ`` in ``पूजयितुम्`` come from? - From the general इडागम rule ``7.2.35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः``. * - Why can the derived base behave like a dhātu? - Because of ``3.1.32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः``. Summary ------- The sanādi system is one of Pāṇini's elegant ways of expanding the verbal system. A root or nominal base receives a special affix, and the resulting formation is treated as a dhātu. For ``सन्`` specifically: .. code-block:: text धातु + सन् → desiderative dhātu Examples: .. code-block:: text गम् → जिगमिषति wants to go कृ → चिकीर्षति wants to do भू → बुभूषति wants to be दृश् → दिदृक्षते wants to see ज्ञा → जिज्ञासते wants to know श्रु → शुश्रूषते wants to hear / serve पा → पिपासति wants to drink युध् → युयुत्सु desirous of fighting The central technical lessons are: .. code-block:: text 1. सन् is only one pratyaya; सनादि is a group of twelve. 2. सन् causes reduplication by 6.1.9 सन्यङोः. 3. The अभ्यास is modified by rules such as ह्रस्वः, हलादिः शेषः, कुहोश्चुः. 4. इडागम is separate from the अभ्यास-vowel. 5. Some san-forms take इट्, while others do not. 6. सनादि-ending forms become dhātus by 3.1.32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः.